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The First Century

brianschmisek

Enter the World That Gave Birth to Christianity

This is the First Century, a podcast devoted to stories from that influential period of history, including Rome, Judea, Christianity, and more. Your host is Dr. Brian Schmisek. Get ready to go back in time and enter a world before computers, the stagecoach, the printing press, or even stirrups for horses were invented. We are about to enter…The First Century.

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The podcast tells the story of the world in which Christianity emerged—a world shaped by cultures, language, political power, intrigue, religious traditions, theological insight, and the people who lived through one of history’s most transformative periods.

The narrative draws on classical sources, ancient primary texts, and biblical scholarship, blending, translating, paraphrasing, and consolidating material from authors including Josephus, Suetonius, Tacitus, Philo, Seneca, Cassius Dio, Pliny the Younger, Pliny the Elder, the New Testament, Eusebius, and many other ancient sources (see show notes of each episode for details). Where the historical record leaves gaps, the podcast occasionally incorporates legendary traditions or carefully constructed narrative scenes to help bring the ancient world to life.

We reconstruct the ancient world as a living, unfolding story. We hear Augustus, Tiberius, Jesus, Paul, Herod, Pilate, Caligula, Messalina, Agrippina, Peter, and others emerge within the same ongoing chronological narrative. Lives intersect, their worlds intertwine, and the development of Christianity becomes part of a much larger story, all rooted in scholarship and the ancient sources. 

The result is history as an ongoing story of persons, peoples, power, faith, conflict, and ultimately the search for meaning. 

Share your comments and thoughts under each episode. 

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  • 21 episodes
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  • #53
    Saturday · 9 min

    Episode 53: The Antioch Incident

    After the Jerusalem Council, Peter, Paul and some others go to Antioch in Syria. There they have a different understanding of what the council decisions meant. A disagreement occurs and the Antioch Church sends Symeon Niger to Jerusalem for clarity. Paul and Barnabas part ways. SHOWNOTES: Gal 2:11-14; Acts 15:13-33 The reconstruction of Acts 15 in this episode and the last one are based in part on the scholarship of J. A. Fitmzyer in Acts of the Apostles (Yale Anchor Bible Commentary; 1998).

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  • #52
    September 19 · 9 min

    Episode 52: The Jerusalem 'Council'

    Paul decides to visit Jerusalem again, 14 years after his first visit, when he stayed for only 15 days. Gentiles were coming into the church. Some thought those Gentiles needed to become Jewish first, but Paul and others had a different idea. The matter needed to be addressed in Jerusalem by the apostles and elders, led by James, the brother of Jesus. SHOWNOTES The family (siblings) of Jesus (Matt 13:55-56) Cerinthus's beliefs (Irenaeus AH 1.26.1) Saying of Jesus ‘It is enough for the disciple that he be as his master’ (Matt 10:25). The rest of the episode is based on Gal 2:1-10 and Acts 15:1-12

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  • #51
    September 12 · 17 min

    Episode 51: The Rise of Agrippina the Younger

    With Messalina out the picture, Claudius says he never wants to marry again. But that sentiment does not last long before he weds his niece, Agrippina the Younger. She brings her son Lucius to the marriage and begins to secure his future and eliminate potential competition. SHOWNOTES: Legends about Messalina and her proclivities (Pliny, NH. 10.83) How Claudius chose his bride (Tacitus. Annals. 12.1-2) Lucius Vitellius (Dio 59.27.2-4). Junia Calvina as festivissima omnium puellarum, "the liveliest and most delightful of all young women." (Seneca, Apocol. 8.2). Physiognomist pronouncing the futures of Britannicus and Titus (Suet, Titus, 2) Agrippina and Claudius (Tacitus, Annals, 12.3-8) Agrippina and Lollia Pollina (Tac Ann. 12.22; Dio 60.32.4) Agrippina named 'Augusta' (Tacitus, Annals. 12.25-26) Agrippina renaming her birthplace Colonia Agrippina (Pliny, NH, 31 (17); Tacitus, Annals. 12.27), modern day Cologne, Germany

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  • #50
    September 5 · 16 min

    Episode 50: Gaius Silius and the Death of Messalina

    While Claudius is out of the city, Messalina goes too far and marries her latest paramour, the consul-designate Gaius Silius. Claudius' secretary Narcissus devises a clever plan to make the princeps aware and then Narcissus leads events which end in Messalina's downfall and execution. Not even her mother, her children, or the most prominent Vestal Virgin can save her. SHOWNOTES: This episode is drawn from Tacitus, Annals, 11.12-15, 26-38 and Suetonius, Claudius, 28-29.

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  • #49
    August 29 · 10 min

    Episode 49: The Secular Games of 47; Paul and Barnabas in Galatia

    While Messalina acquired power for herself and eliminated potential rivals, Claudius decided to celebrate the secular games, but on a revised schedule that would draw laughter from the crowds. During the games, Britannicus and Lucius Domitius (Agrippina's son who would become known as Nero) participated in an equestrian display that delighted the crowds but also drew Messalina's ire. In the East, Barnabas and Paul evangelized Galatia. In doing so they were mistaken for the incarnation of Zeus and Hermes. Later, the tides turned and though Paul was stoned and left for dead, he recovered. All of this made an impression on a young man named Timothy. Eventually Barnabas and Paul made their way back to Antioch in Syria, the community which had earlier sent them on mission. SHOWNOTES: Aulus Plautius and Claudius (Suetonius, Claudius, 24.3) Secular Games (Suetonius, Claudius, 21.4) Britannicus and Lucius (Tacitus, Annals, 11.11-12; Suetonius, Nero, 6) Paul and Barnabas in Galatia (Acts 14:1-28)

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  • #48
    August 22 · 10 min

    Episode 48: Messalina and the Gardens of Lucullus

    Messalina envies the spectacular gardens of Lucullus which have come into the possession of Asiaticus who had served as consul twice, once most recently in 46. To acquire these gardens, she arranges for the accusation and execution of Asiaticus. But he is not the only one to suffer consequences. SHOWNOTES This episode is based on Tacitus, Annals, 11.1-3 For more on the Gardens of Lucullus, see Cassius Dio 61.31; Plutarch, Life of Lucullus, 39. An image of the gardens in ancient Rome, including the gardens of Lucullus.

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  • #47
    August 15 · 8 min

    Episode 47: Founding of London; Paul's First Missionary Journey Begins

    The Romans increase their presence in Britannia with the founding of Londinium on the north side of a river. Claudius named Tiberius Alexander procurator of Judea, and he ensures potential problems are dealt with swiftly. This in turn leads to a slight shift in policy as the Sanhedrin attempts to manage the sect of the Nazorean. Paul and Barnabas are sent on mission from Antioch in Syria, and they are accompanied by John Mark for part of their journey. SHOWNOTES: An illustration of early Londinium https://www.artstation.com/rocioespin Tiberius Alexander (Josephus, Antiquities, 20.5.2) Gamaliel and the Sanhedrin (Acts 5:34-39) Church in Antioch (Acts 13:1-3) Some of those persecuted by Paul had gone to Cyprus (Acts 11:19) Barnabas from Cyprus (Acts 4:34-38) Mission of Paul and Barnabas (Acts 13:14-55)

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  • #46
    August 8 · 11 min

    Episode 46: Messalina's Ongoing Affairs; Nicolas of Antioch in Pergamum

    The empress Messalina continued to carry on affairs without Claudius' knowledge and in violation of Roman law. She also thwarts Seneca's attempt to return from exile. The prestigious city of Pergamum in Asia is evangelized by Nicolas of Antioch, the deacon, who attempts to live a celibate marriage but ultimately reverses course. SHOWNOTES: Seneca, De Consolatione Ad Polybium On Messalina and Mnester (Tacitus, Annals 11.35; Dio Cassius 60.22.3-5) Pergamum and its library (Strabo, Geography, 13.4.2; Plutarch, Life of Anthony, 58.5) Parchment (pergamena) at Pergamum (Strabo, Geography, 13.4.2; Pliny, Natural History, 5.126) Nicolas of Antioch (Acts 6:1-7; Rev 2:1-6,15; Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 1.26.3; Clement of Alexandria, Stomata, 3.25-26; Hippolytus, Refutation, 7.24; Epiphanius, Panarion, 25.1.1-6; 25.3).

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  • #45
    August 1 · 8 min

    Episode 45: Apollos Founds Christian Community in Ephesus

    The capital city of the province of Asia seemed ripe for evangelization. Apollos, an Alexandrian Jewish convert to Christianity, educated in an allegorical way of reading sacred texts, took the lead. SHOWNOTES Destruction of the earlier Temple of Artemis on the day Alexander the Great was born (Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 3.3) On the construction of the Temple by Chersiphon, assisted by Artemis herself (Pliny, Natural History, 36.21.95) Artemis as "Queen of Wild Beasts" (Homer, Iliad, 21.470) Mark Antony and Cleopatra in Ephesus (Plutarch, Life of Antony, 23.1-24.12; 56.1-10) Model of the Temple of Artemis: https://www.worldhistory.org/image/180/model-of-the-temple-of-artemis/ Apollos (Acts 18:24-19:17) Hymenaios, Philetos, and Alexander (1 Tim 1:19-20; 2 Tim 2:16-18; 4:14)

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  • #44
    July 25 · 6 min

    Episode 44: Trouble Brewing in Jerusalem

    Shortly after Fadus was appointed procurator of Judea, Claudius sent a new governor of Syria, Cassius Longinus. Together they faced a tense situation in Jerusalem calling for Roman legions. Theudas the magician arose about that time too, but he was beheaded and his movement crushed. The prophesied famine also struck Jerusalem. Christians there had been well-resourced by those from Antioch. Other residents of Jerusalem benefitted from the generosity of a recent convert, Helen, queen of Adiabene. SHOWNOTES: Cassius Longinus as governor of Syria (Jos. Ant. 20.1) Theudas the Magician (Jos. Ant. 20.5.1; Acts 5:36) Famine in Jerusalem (Jos. Ant. 20.2.5; 20.5.2)

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  • #43
    July 18 · 8 min

    Episode 43: Martyrdom of James by Herod Agrippa

    Barnabas and Paul continue their work in Antioch. The Jerusalem church faces a persecution by Herod Agrippa who executes James the apostle. Seeing how well received that action was, he then arrested Simon Peter and intended to execute him as well, but he escaped. Herod Agrippa hosted games in honor of Claudius and the Judean king was lauded profusely before succumbing to aches and dying a week later. Various interpretations of his death were forthcoming. He left behind a seventeen year old son, Herod Agrippa II (b. 27), and three daughters, Berenice II (b. 28), Mariamne VI (b. 35), and Drusilla (b 38). Herod Agrippa II was in Rome and Claudius considered him too young to be given the kingdom, so the princeps appointed a procurator and gave him specific orders, which would lead to trouble. SHOWNOTES: Assistance from the church of Antioch to the church of Jerusalem (Acts 11:27-30). Execution of James and arrest of Peter (Acts 12:1-17) Death of Herod Agrippa (Jos. Ant. 19.8.2; Acts 12:19-23) Pilate Stone, found in Caesarea Maritima in 1961: [DIS AUGUSTI]S TIBERIEUM [...PONTI]US PILATUS [...PRAEF]ECTUS IUDA[EA]E [...FECIT D]E[DICAVIT] Translation: To the Divine Augustus [this] Tiberieum ...Pontius Pilate ...prefect of Judea ...[made this and d]e[dicated it] The Tiberieum is considered to have been the thing made and dedicated to the Divine Augustus. The Pilate Stone – Discover Historic Jesus

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  • #42
    July 11 · 8 min

    Episode 42: Agrippina returns to Rome; the intertwined imperial family

    Agrippina returned from Ephesus with her second husband Passienus and her young son. She encouraged her husband to name her as his sole heir, which he did, only to die shortly thereafter. The 28-year-old second time imperial widow was now one of the wealthiest women in Rome. In this short episode we'll also attempt to untangle some of the complicated relations among the imperial family. This chart from the wikipedia page might help: JulioClaudian - Julio-Claudian dynasty - Wikipedia

  • #41
    July 4 · 11 min

    Episode 41: Christians in Antioch; Claudius invades Britannia

    The church in Antioch continued to experience significant growth, attracting Gentiles as well as Jews. Those Christians in Jerusalem sent Barnabas to check on things in Antioch, and he secured Paul from Tarsus to help him with the mission there. Christians were offering assistance to those in need as a way of expressing their belief that Jesus had been sent by God. Material wealth counted for little when Jesus would be returning soon. Claudius's brother had gained fame and even the name Germanicus by defeating German tribes. Now Claudius decided to invade Britannia 'for real' as opposed to Caligula's mere gathering of seashells from the coast. The military action went well, assisted by at least two leading generals, Vespasian and Aulus Plautius. Claudius was able to celebrate a proper triumph in Rome and his son was renamed, Britannicus. SHOWNOTES: For Christians in Antioch and Paul's own background: Gal 1:21; Acts 8:3; Acts 11:19-26; 13:1) Tarsus as a free city (Appian, Civil War, 5.7) Christians not knowing the day or time of Jesus' return (Luke 12:36-48) Claudius' invasion of Britannia and the generals who assisted (Dio, Roman History, 60.21.2).

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  • #40
    June 27 · 10 min

    Episode 40: Messalina's Power Increases

    Messalina continued to use her power to surreptitiously attack potential rivals, secure alliances, and manipulate her husband. She also succeeds in eliminating her own stepfather after he spurned her advances. King Herod Agrippa chooses a new high priest and deals mercifully with a critic. SHOWNOTES Elimination of Julia Livia and the public mourning of Pomponia Graecina (Tacitus, Annals, 13.43; Suetonius, Claudius, 29; Cassius Dio, Roman History, 60.18.4) Herod Agrippa's activities in Judea (Josephus, Antiquities, 19.6.4; 19.7.2-4). Claudius' Character (Suetonius, Claudius, 33; Cassius Dio, 60.18) Messalina and her stepfather Appius Silanus (Suetonius, Claudius 37; Cassius Dio 60.14)

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  • #39
    June 20 · 11 min

    Episode 39: Problems in Dor and an attempted coup fails

    Herod Agrippa deftly managed a potential crisis by lobbying the Roman governor of Syria, Petronius to defend the rights of Jews so recently made clear by imperial decree. Claudius deifies Livia, years after her death and also allowed the return of exiled Gaius Calpurnius Piso, who uses his newfound freedom to seduce the wife of a friend. Roman senators stationed in the east as governors hatch a plot to overthrow Claudius. After a moment of weakness, Claudius stands firm and the coup fails. SHOWNOTES Events in Dor, including the letter from Petronius (Josephus. Antiquities. 19.6.3). Piso seducing Atria Gallia from her husband Domitius Silus (Tacitus, Annals, 4.34). Failed plot against Tiberius, and Arria's famous last words (Pliny, Letters, 3.6; Tacitus, Annals 16.34; Cassius Dio 60.16.5-6; Marial 1.13.5).

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  • #38
    June 13 · 9 min

    Episode 38: The First Years of Claudius' Reign

    To assist in the administration of the empire, Claudius empowered three freedmen: Pallas, Narcissus, and Callistus. In an attempt to calm the nerves of gardners who are haunted by Caligula's ghost, Julia Livilla and Agrippina exhume his body to give him a proper funeral. Julia Livilla is taken as a threat by Messalina, who has her exiled and killed. Seneca is also accused but he is merely exiled to Corsica. Claudius decreed a special edict for Jews in Rome forbidding them from meeting in public places. SHOWNOTES The archaeological remains of the Lamian gardens: https://www.museoninfeo.it/en/the-museum/ Claudius' edict (Dio Cassius, Roman History, 60.6.6)

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  • #37
    June 6 · 11 min

    Episode 37: Claudius makes Herod Agrippa King of Judea

    The new emperor Claudius began by repaying his friends and supporters, chief among them, Herod Agrippa, who was named King of Judea. At Herod Agrippa's urging, Claudius reaffirmed the Roman policy of religious tolerance, especially as it applied to the Jews. Cassius, the governor of Asia, whose execution had been ordered by Caligula, escaped with his life due to the death of the princeps. Julia Livilla and Agrippina return to Rome from exile. Julia Livilla finds herself on the wrong end of Messalina's wrath whereas Agrippa, the young, widowed mother, finds a new husband, that of her sister-in-law, Domitia Lepida. SHOWNOTES That Claudius had become emperor, mirabili casu, by a remarkable chance (Suet., Claud. 10). Herod Agrippa material in this episode (Jos. Ant. 19.5-6) Material about Claudius, Messalina, and Agrippina comes from Tacitus, Annals, 11-12. Agrippina and Galba (Suet. Galba, 5).

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  • #36
    May 30 · 14 min

    Episode 36: Caligula Assassinated Claudius to the Throne

    Gaius' cruelty finally caught up with him and he was the first of many emperors to be assassinated. His wife and daughter were also killed. In what later seemed like an accident of history, soldiers proclaimed the drooling and stuttering Claudius, who was hiding behind a curtain, to be the next princeps. The assassins were themselves put to death since it did not seem like a good idea to praise and reward those who killed the emperor. SHOWNOTES Gaius misreading the Fortunes and executes his former brother-in-law, Lucius Cassius Longinus (Suet, Caligula, 57.3 cf. Dio Cassius 59.29.2). Story of Gaius' assassination (Jos. Ant. 19.1.13 [93-98]). Story of the assassination of Gaius' wife and daughter (Jos. Ant. 19.2 [251-252]). Claudius giving the soldiers 15000 sesterces each (Suet. Claudius. 10.1) Execution of the assassins (Jos. Ant. 19.263-273).

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  • #35
    May 23 · 12 min

    Episode 35: Gaius returns to Rome for a double triumph

    After 'victories' in Germania and Britannia, Gaius returned to Rome on Aug 31, 40 CE to celebrate a double triumph. Gaius orders Lepidus executed and then banished his own two sisters to the island of Pontus, where Agrippina becomes a proficient swimmer. Herod Agrippa returns to Rome and hosts Gaius at a fabulous dinner. Gaius is so impressed he grants Herod Agrippa a special wish. Agrippa only asks Gaius not to install his statue in the Jerusalem Temple. Gaius agrees, but ultimately is so incensed at Petronius, governor of Syria, that he orders him to commit suicide. The head of the praetorian guard gets the idea to rid the empire of the princeps. SHOWNOTES Gaius and Petronius (Philo, Embassy to Gaius, §§ 278–289; Jos. Ant 18.8.2–9). Gaius' excess and cruelty in killing a father and his son (Seneca, De Ira 3.18; Cassius Dio 59.25.6). Gaius toying with the crowds while Cassius Charea gets an idea (Dio 59.25.5; Jos. Ant. 19.11 [70]).

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  • #34
    May 16 · 13 min

    Episode 34: Paul's Escape from Damascus and Visit to Jerusalem

    After being in Arabia for three years, Paul returned to Damascus, where he was arrested. After a daring escape with the help of some friends, he made his way to Jerusalem where he stayed for fifteen days. While there, he met Peter, John, and James, the brother of the Lord. From them, he learned details about what Jesus did and said. He also learned many other sayings and statements that encapsulated the faith of those who believed Jesus was now at God's right hand. What he learned over these fifteen days confirmed and informed his own understanding about Jesus. SHOWNOTES Paul being in Arabia for three years (Gal 1:18) Escape from Damascus (2 Cor 11: 32-33; Acts 9:23-25) Four statement formula (1 Cor 15:3-5) Aramaic hymn in six stanzas about God highly exalting Jesus and giving him the name: Lord (Phil 2:6-11). The translation in the podcast is from Joseph Fitzmyer, According to Paul, (1993) p. 103-4. Paul's recounting of the Last Supper (1 Cor 11:23-26). That the Christian community gathered on the first day of the week (Acts 20:7; 1 Cor 16:2). That Jesus said, "The Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath" (Mark 2:28). That Jesus was in heaven now, and would return at a time appointed by God, though nobody knew precisely when that would be (Acts 3:21; cf. 1 Thess 1). Jesus told his disciples that they would not even be able to go through all the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes (Matt 10:23). The prayer of the community was simply ‘Marana Tha’ an Aramaic term which meant, “Our Lord, Come!” (1 Cor 16:22; Didache 10:14). Aramaic statement of belief about Jesus: Who was descended, From the seed of David, According to the flesh, Who was appointed, Son of God, According to the Spirit of holiness as of his resurrection from the dead (Rom 1:3-4). Early Christian belief that after Jesus' death, God begot him by raising him from the dead and thereby making him his son (cf. Acts 13:32-33). Paul departed Jerusalem for Caesarea Maritima and beyond. He sailed to his hometown of Tarsus (Acts 9:30), capital of Cilicia, and visited that region, as well as Cyprus and Syria (Gal 1:21).

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