Relevant History

Theodore Roosevelt, the Spanish-American War, and the Rise of the American Empire (Season Two, Episode Three)

Near the turn of the 20th century, the United States’ economy is an international powerhouse, but its military is, at best, a third-rate force. One man aims to leverage that small force to build an empire: Theodore Roosevelt. First as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and then as President, Roosevelt will reform the navy and conquer the remnants of the old Spanish Empire. Beyond that, Roosevelt will transform the nation itself by battling government corruption, supporting the nascent labor movement, and building the Panama Canal. At the end of his presidency, the world’s great powers will be forced to recognize the United States as a peer – one that will play an outsized role in the World War era. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: A New Birth of Freedom – 00:03:48 Chapter Two: The Rise of Roosevelt – 00:29:03 Chapter Three: The Twilight of the Spanish Empire – 01:04:45 Chapter Four: Remember the Maine! – 01:30:41 Chapter Five: The Battle of Manila Bay – 02:06:20 Chapter Six: The Rough Riders and the War for Cuba – 02:25:58 Chapter Seven: The Assassination of William McKinley – 03:01:04 Chapter Eight: Roosevelt the Progressive – 03:28:09 Chapter Nine: Roosevelt the Imperialist – 04:03:19 Chapter Ten: The Bull Moose – 04:38:03 SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Episode transcript (90% accurate, includes bibliography): https://bit.ly/4ityHNy/ Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/46gwX2O/ Music courtesy of: https://www.youtube.com/@publicdomainclassicalmusic3961/ SOURCES: Barraclough, Geoffrey (ed.) – Harper Collins Atlas of World History Blow, Michael – A Ship to Remember: The Maine and the Spanish-American War Bradford, James C.; Cooper, Diane E., et. al. – Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath Brands, Henry William; Breen, Timothy H.; Williams, R.H.; Gross, Ariela J. – American Stories: A History of the United States Brinkley, Douglas – The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America Cooper, John Milton, Jr. – The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt Cumings, Bruce – Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power Davis, Paul K. – 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present Harbaugh, William Henry – Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt Johnson, Thomas H. – The Oxford Companion to American History Kinzer, Stephen – The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of the American Empire Locke, John – The Works of John Locke in 9 Volumes, Volume 4 Lord, Walter – The Good Years: From 1900 to the First World War McCullough, David – The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870-1914 McPherson, James M. – Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era Morris, Edmund (2010) – Colonel Roosevelt Morris, Edmund (1979) – The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt Morris, Edmund (2001) – Theodore Rex Musicant, Ivan – Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century Nofi, Albert A. – The Spanish-American War, 1898 O’Toole, George J. A. – The Spanish War: An American Epic 1898 Overy, Richard (ed.) – The Times Complete History of the World Pringle, Henry F. – Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography Rickover, Hyman G. – How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed Roosevelt, Theodore – The Rough Riders Roosevelt, Theodore; Brands, Henry William (ed.) – The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt Samuels, Peggy; Samuels, Harold – Remembering the Maine Sebag-Montefiore, Simon – Voices of History: Speeches that Changed the World Sondhaus, Lawrence – Naval Warfare, 1815-1914 Tuchman, Barbara – The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914 Various – Constitution of the United States of America Various – Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union Vowell, Sarah – Assassination Vacation

The Scramble for Africa (Season Two, Episode Two)

At the end of the 19th century, the great European empires are the most powerful nations in the history of mankind. To fuel their growing industrial economies, they expand into Africa, settling, buying, and outright seizing whatever land they can. In Britain, men like Cecil Rhodes dream of a united British African Empire extending “from Cape to Cairo.” In France, explorers like Jean-Baptiste Marchand aim to beat Britain to the punch, creating their own continent-spanning empire from Senegal to Djibouti. Meanwhile, in South Africa, the independent Boer republics are fighting their own battle against British imperialism. WARNING: Some strong racial language. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: Flashback - The English Civil War – 00:04:08 Chapter Two: Why Else Was Victorian-Era Britain So Powerful? – 00:40:42 Chapter Three: The British Empire Enters Africa – 00:50:02 Chapter Four: The Rhodes Colossus – 01:28:53 Chapter Five: France Before the Scramble – 02:12:13 Chapter Six: The French Scramble for West Africa – 02:28:38 Chapter Seven: The Fashoda Incident – 02:50:57 Chapter Eight: Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Belgium – 03:13:09 Chapter Nine: A Brief History of Bismarck's Germany – 03:31:52 Chapter Ten: The Berlin Conference, Belgian Neutrality, and Germany's African Empire – 04:00:36 Chapter Eleven: The Second Boer War – 04:23:40 Chapter Twelve: The Siege of Kimberley – 04:41:20 Chapter Thirteen: The Empire Strikes Back – 05:08:04 Chapter Fourteen: Guerilla War in the Transvaal – 05:27:49 Chapter Fifteen: The End of the Scramble – 06:03:39 SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Episode transcript (90% accurate, includes bibliography): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR5yy3nbsD9_n8ySLibMMtDJpWQgGqTdwT6jq9MtHFYjwL5VgPUaiwOtNn6GnQm8aPsd1WYXm7g3hnC/pub/ Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/46gwX2O/ Music courtesy of: https://www.youtube.com/@publicdomainclassicalmusic3961/ SOURCES: Ackroyd, Peter - The History of England, Volume III: Civil War Barraclough, Geoffrey (ed.) - Harper Collins Atlas of World History Benjamin, Thomas (ed.) - Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 Brendon, Piers - The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781-1997 Christiansen, Eric - The Northern Crusades Churchill, Randolph S. - Winston S. Churchill, Volume I: Youth, 1874-1900 Churchill, Winston - A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Volume II: The New World Davidson, Apollon - Cecil Rhodes and His Time Davies, Norman - Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations D’Este, Carlo - Warlord: A Life of Churchill at War, 1874-1945 Erickson, Edward J. - A Global History of Relocation in Counterinsurgency Warfare Farwell, Byron - The Great Anglo-Boer War Fremont-Barnes, Gregory - The Boer War, 1899-1902 Gilbert, Martin - Churchill and the Jews Hobsbawm, Eric - Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day Holmes, Richard - The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French Horne, Allistair - La Belle France: A Short History Jenkins, Roy - Churchill: A Biography Lewis, David Levering - The Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa Lockhart, J.G., Cecil Rhodes Manchester, William - The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory, 1874-1932 Maylam, Paul - The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa Nasson, Bill - The War for South Africa: The Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902 Overy, Richard - A History of War in 100 Battles Overy, Richard (ed.) - The Times Complete History of the World Pakenham, Thomas (1982) - The Boer War Pakenham, Thomas (1991) - The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 Prochaska, David - Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bône, 1870-1920 Quigley, Carroll - The Anglo-American Establishment Rhodes, Cecil - Confession of Faith Roberts, Andrew - Churchill: Walking With Destiny Rotberg, Robert I.; Shore, Miles F. - The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power Schama, Simon - A History of Britain, Volume II: The British Wars 1603-1776 Seward, Desmond - The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders Smith, Leonard V. - French Colonialism: From the Ancien Régime to the Present Stanley, Henry Morton - The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration, Volume I Steinberg, Jonathan - Bismarck: A Life Stone, Norman - Europe Transformed, 1878-1919 Taylor, A.J.P. - Germany’s First Bid for Colonies, 1884-1885: A Move in Bismarck’s European Policy

Nationalism vs. Globalism: An Introduction (Season Two, Episode One)

Dan explains that the World Wars – particularly World War II – form the founding myth of our modern era. Then, he argues that the time is right for a re-evaluation of that myth in the light of a less biased history. He’ll also provide a preview of the rest of Season 2, an overview of his research method, and an explanation of what he will and won’t be doing. Complete list of Season Two sources: https://bit.ly/46gwX2O/ SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRbgMgKqp7UbkFhnLg-ov3qD1bNdazLL8rU_Z_8TJIr-k9o0IY8gwFDtL4_dNdGb38OEj4Ckp50G70Q/pub Music courtesy of: Public Domain Classical Music SOURCES: Stack Exchange thread on Napoleon’s quote: https://literature.stackexchange.com/questions/20248/who-said-that-history-is-a-lie-fable-agreed-upon/ Howe, Neil; Strauss, William - The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy Howe, Neil; Strauss, William - Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069

Bonus Episode – Anarchism, Daoism, and Dead Malls: A Conversation

I sat down with my friend Jordyn [Last Name Redacted] to discuss the history of anarchism, an important subject that’s tangential to the 20th century’s struggle between nationalism and globalism. We also talked a bit about the history of Daoism, as well as the subject of Jordyn’s upcoming podcast: dead malls. Apologies for the poor audio quality. I have lots of experience running my own personal microphone, but have never mic’d a whole room before. Clearly, there is much to learn. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): There is no script for this episode, as it is an interview. Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Season One Finale – Peak Nationalism, Peak Civilization?

Season One Finale – Peak Nationalism, Peak Civilization? In the final episode of Season One, Dan sums up what we’ve learned about nationalism and its development. He also sets the stage for Season Two of Relevant History, which will cover the World Wars and the conflict between nationalism and globalism. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRm_Tf-GWzt6hMnTSeshSHlUiE0CvqQMghfv2infQQoVOF4xXGWFWhdmsdPXGDz659iFtaQGuH1UBjB/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan SOURCES: Maddison Project Database (most recent): https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023/ PIAAC 2023 US literacy and numeracy data: https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/2023/national_results.asp/ PIAAC International literacy and numeracy data: https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/international_context.asp/

Episode 68 – The Unification of Germany

In the year 1870, Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck engineers a war to cut France down to size. French Emperor Napoleon III is willing to oblige, and bungles his way into a war against all of Germany. The Franco-Prussian War proves to be more than he – or anyone else – bargained for. Within a few months, Paris will be under siege, proto-Communist rebels will threaten to take over France, and the Italians will invade Rome. And Bismarck, ever the opportunist, will grasp at the opportunity to unify Germany once and for all. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Twilight of the French Empire – 00:01:56 Chapter Two: The Ems Dispatch – 00:26:26 Chapter Three: A Blueprint for the Great War – 00:46:34 Chapter Four: Unstoppable Force Meets Immovable Object – 01:13:48 Chapter Five: The Great Right Turn – 01:55:15 Chapter Six: The Last Bonaparte – 02:21:16 Chapter Seven: The Government of National Defense – 02:47:44 Chapter Eight: The Last Stand of the Papal States – 03:13:36 Chapter Nine: The Defense of the French Republic – 03:35:42 Chapter Ten: The Siege of Paris – 04:02:27 Chapter Eleven: The Dawn of the German Empire – 04:34:01 Chapter Twelve: The Paris Commune – 04:50:50 Chapter Thirteen: The Belle Époque – 05:20:22 Chapter Fourteen: The Future of Italy – 05:47:14 Chapter Fifteen: The Age of Bismarck – 06:08:22 SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRspp9A68aYB2E7iR3qY3fDucuy0qfPuhR1d-8urumVxitiYMennSxDiu36RmCS-J4S7ahF4PRw5ENq/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan SOURCES: Graham Allison, Thucydides’s Trap Case File - https://www.belfercenter.org/programs/thucydidess-trap/thucydidess-trap-case-file/ Robert Baldick, The Siege of Paris Quintin Barry, The Franco-Prussian War: 1870-71 Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 Georges Bonnin, Bismarck and the Hohenzollern Candidature for the Spanish Throne: The Documents in the German Diplomatic Archives Fenton Bresler, Napoleon III: A Life John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871 Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope’s Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present William Dawson, History of the German Empire Carolyn J. Eichner, The Paris Commune: A Brief History Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (With Supplement by Jesse White Mario) E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion Lucius Hudson Holt and Alexander Wheeler Chilton, The History of Europe From 1862 to 1914: From the Accession of Bismarck to the Outbreak of the Great War Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870-1871 David I. Kertzer, Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi’s Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy Melvin Kranzberg, The Siege of Paris, 1870-1871: A Political and Social History Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History Helmuth von Moltke, The Franco-German War of 1870-71 Arthur E. Monroe, The French Indemnity of 1871 and its Effects - https://www.jstor.org/stable/1928688?seq=1 Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life A.J.P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871

Episode 67 - The Brothers’ War

In 1864, the twin German powers of Austria and Prussia join together to beat up on little Denmark. In 1866, they have a falling out and beat up on each-other. The Italians, still salty over their last war with Austria, join on Prussia’s side, with the goal of seizing Venice once and for all. The Austro-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks’ War, will determine which power – Austria or Prussia – will control the destiny of Germany. Meanwhile, Italian nationalists have their eyes set on more than Venice. If they can manage it, they aim to conquer Rome itself. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Iron Chancellor – 00:01:31 Chapter Two: The Second Schleswig-Holstein War – 00:23:22 Chapter Three: The Diplomatic Crisis of 1865-1866 – 01:05:43 Chapter Four: The Timelines Converge – 01:33:21 Chapter Five: Venetia or Bust – 01:48:51 Chapter Six: The War With Many Names – 02:15:19 Chapter Seven: Iron and Blood – 02:42:52 Chapter Eight: Königgrätz – 02:58:12 Chapter Nine: Garibaldi Saves the Day – 03:21:12 Chapter Ten: An Amicable Peace – 03:37:58 Chapter Eleven: The Roman Question – 04:00:33 Chapter Twelve: The Dual Monarchy – 04:33:26 SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRfBLk-SmW6SKS_bsBCkzR32Xb3SiyLDDCymQO8tyJyvAlDvvkzDkVvuD4AiR6-fRKuzrRZjjwijM3-/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan SOURCES: Quintin Barry, Road to Koniggratz: Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro-Prussian War 1866 Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871 Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope’s Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Michael Embree, Bismarck’s First War: The Campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (With Supplement by Jessie White Mario) E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion H.M. Hozier, The Seven Weeks' War: the Austro-Prussian Conflict of 1866 Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification Peter F. Sugar, A History of Hungary Bertha von Suttner, Lay Down Your Arms: The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866

• Chapters

Episode 66 - The Unification of Italy

In part three of his series on the unifications of Germany and Italy, Dan talks about the turbulent 1850s and early 60s. In Germany, this is a time of mass industrialization. With the regional economy growing at a record pace, Prussia and Austria engage in saber-rattling diplomacy over the future of the German Confederation. Meanwhile, the new King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, aims to do what his father could not: conquer all of Italy. Taking advantage of Austrian weakness – and a burgeoning alliance with France – he and three other men will engineer a revolution that unites the Apennine Peninsula for the first time since the Roman Empire. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The German Question – 00:04:22 Chapter Two: The Erfurt Union – 00:30:15 Chapter Three: The (Austrian) Empire Strikes Back – 00:42:24 Chapter Four: Enter Bismarck – 01:03:59 Chapter Five: Goodbye, Friedrich Wilhelm – 01:32:59 Chapter Six: Repression in Lombardy – 01:41:19 Chapter Seven: Enter Camillo Cavour – 01:51:20 Chapter Eight: Enter Victor Emmanuel – 02:04:32 Chapter Nine: The Crimean War – 02:17:48 Chapter Ten: Engineering a Revolution – 02:39:34 Chapter Eleven: The War for Northern Italy – 03:05:02 Chapter Twelve: The Expedition of the Thousand – 03:34:34 Chapter Thirteen: The Dictator of Sicily – 04:14:24 Chapter Fourteen: The Conquest of Southern Italy – 04:28:49 Chapter Fifteen: The Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy – 04:51:04 Chapter Sixteen: Rome and the Risorgimento – 05:13:43 SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTILtf6-xAur_LTmOc_UJ7iH-H3L0l_O_jUjd2CwhN9q3CWJV6zM2UCbss4HP1saanj2jSurstKqKX0/pub/ Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan SOURCES: Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn Carlo Bossoli, The War in Italy Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Charles Stuart Forbes, The Campaign of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies: A Personal Narrative Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – -Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion Denis Mack Smith, Cavour, a Biography Denis Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en Damian McElrath, The Syllabus of Pius IX: Some Reactions in England The New York Times, The Attempted Assassination of the Emperor of the French - https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1858/02/09/78528596.pdf Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000okey/page/n5/mode/2up Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Pope Pius IX, The Syllabus of Errors: https://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm Trevor Royle, Crimea, The Great Crimean War 1854-1856 Frederick C. Schneid, The Second War of Italian Unification 1859-61 James J. Sheehan, German History, 1770-1866 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life

Episode 65 - The Revolutions of 1848

Often called the “Springtime of Nations,” the year 1848 is one of turmoil throughout Europe. Revolutions are everywhere, from France to Romania. In Germany, Prussia is ascendant. Rather than fight calls for German nationalization, savvy King Friedrich Wilhelm IV puts himself at the head of the revolution. Austria watches helplessly from the sidelines, distracted by trouble at home and abroad. In Italy, King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia battles the Austrians for control in the north, while local revolutions topple governments in Venice, Florence, and Rome itself. I apologize for the drop in audio quality from roughly 1:58:30 to 2:11:20. Audacity wasn’t recording for that portion so I had to make do with the already-compressed audio from OBS. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Sleeping Volcano – 00:04:43 Chapter Two: The Fall of Metternich – 00:32:33 Chapter Three: The Vienna Uprising and the Hungarian Rebellion – 01:01:34 Chapter Four: Enter Franz Joseph – 01:31:34 Chapter Five: Crisis in Germany – 01:41:53 Chapter Six: The Curious Case of Lola Montez – 02:13:48 Chapter Seven: King Friedrich Wilhelm, the Conservative Revolutionary – 02:13:48 Chapter Eight: The First Schleswig-Holstein War – 02:24:20 Chapter Nine: The Revolution in Venice – 02:42:33 Chapter Ten: Charles Albert Versus Radetzky – 03:14:53 Chapter Eleven: Enter Garibaldi – 03:36:46 Chapter Twelve: A Sidebar on Sicily – 04:01:17 Chapter Thirteen: The Return of Mazzini – 04:08:29 Chapter Fourteen: Charles Albert Tries Again – 04:22:51 Chapter Fifteen: The Fall of the Roman Republic – 04:32:27 Chapter Sixteen: The Siege of Venice – 04:47:07 Chapter Seventeen: The End of the Revolution – 04:58:57 SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRXQnNgiTX89RksqftH8gEfgwhpUtw6tHz9-zvMh4o3ddwcwq2rMui9dkFfpXixkpNVDD6xR9xtQHb8/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan SOURCES: David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Friedrich Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – -Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-1849 - https://archive.org/details/danielemaninvene0000gins/page/n5/mode/2up James Morton, Lola Montez: Her Life & Conquests - https://archive.org/details/lolamontezherlif0000mort/page/80/mode/2up Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000okey/page/n5/mode/2up Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Carlo Pisacane, Guerra Combattuta in Italia Neglo Anni 1848-49 Mike Rapport, 1848, Year of Revolution Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Nick Svendsen, The First Schleswig-Holstein War 1848-50 – https://www.everand.com/read/402302021/The-First-Schleswig-Holstein-War-1848-50

Episode 64 – The Reich and the Risorgimento

At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the victorious allied powers restore Central Europe to its pre-war status: a bunch of small, semi-independent German and Italian states, dominated by more powerful neighbors. But the idea of nationalism, spread by Napoleon’s armies, is a genie you can’t put back in the bottle. In the German Confederation, 38 tiny countries try to establish their legitimacy, but are overshadowed by the Austrian Empire in the south and the Kingdom of Prussia in the north. Without a clear path to political nationalization, German intellectuals instead focus on building a unified German culture. In Italy, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini openly call for Risorgimento – a resurgence of Italian national identity. Drawing their inspiration from ancient Rome, these young revolutionaries will spend an entire generation battling to overthrow their Austrian overlords while avoiding French domination. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r7N2KkmrRtrPBJliHzEkkKlmEsGtk8c8NzWI03eRn7A/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan SOURCES: David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Friedrich Engels, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Pope Pius IX, Non Semel (Italian) – https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-ix/it/documents/allocuzione-non-semel-29-aprile-1848.html Mike Rapport, 1848, Year of Revolution Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Nick Svendsen, The First Schleswig-Holstein War 1848-50 – https://www.everand.com/read/402302021/The-First-Schleswig-Holstein-War-1848-50

Episode 63 - The God-King of Pontus

In the first century BC, the Roman Republic is expanding rapidly across the Mediterranean basin. As the legions venture eastward into Anatolia, the Romans are able to divide and conquer all of their enemies, except for one: Mithridates VI of Pontus, also known as the Poison King. Mithridates is more than a mere historical figure; he’s a mythic hero, born under the sign of a shooting star and nearly murdered by his own mother before spending much of his youth in the wilderness. These details may sound made up, but truth is often stranger than fiction, and the story of Mithridates is one of the strangest ever told. Map of Anatolia during Mithridates’ reign: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg My Interview with Sean McFadden of Deep Noetics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eecCdz7cbug SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRmqvP5OKsISkJeh798lUhzBaublU3RwXtQJm78gx0jBSn5i5rM7PlmXIC7RXxs2G6bjymLQKKX8Kgn/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan SOURCES: Appian: https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-mithridatic-wars/ Cassius Dio: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html Justin: https://www.attalus.org/translate/justin6.html#37.1 Livy: https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/baker-the-history-of-rome-vol-6 (Livy’s work on Mithridates is lost. Only a summary remains.) Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome’s Indomitable Enemy: https://www.everand.com/read/444975669/Mithridates-the-Great-Rome-s-Indomitable-Enemy Adrienne Mayor, The Poison King, the Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy Valerius Maximus: http://attalus.org/info/valerius.html Brian McGing, The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus: https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofm0000mcgi/page/n13/mode/2up Brian McGing (Encyclopaedia Iranica article on Pontus): https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pontus Plutarch’s Parallel Lives: -Sulla https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sulla*.html -Lucullus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html -Pompey https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html -Sertorius https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sertorius*.html Rank-Raglan mythotype and scores: https://everything.explained.today/Rank%E2%80%93Raglan_mythotype/ Laurence M. V. Totelin (study on antidote): https://www.jstor.org/stable/4130095?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Bonus Episode - Why Capitalists Make the Best Communists

Bonus Episode – Why Capitalists Make the Best Communists In this bonus episode, Dan delves into the nitty-gritty of far-left politics and the history of various ideologies dedicated to the establishment of communism. Then he asks the question: What if the best way to build an egalitarian utopia is via the power of capitalism? Apologies for the constant birdsong in the background. It was a gorgeous day and I decided to record with the window open. Never again! SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQJPex4SmcO4a7c-p2sh7OEz0VaDlS1_oxinP_qlwWz5IhxwBgGnkyYw11LPKY6XxzmsdevibU40VYL/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Episode 62 – Vive L’Empereur!

In the sixth and final installment on the French Revolution, Dan takes a deep dive into one of history’s most influential and controversial figures: Napoleon Bonaparte. After winning victory for France in Northern Italy, the brilliant young general has the attention of the French Directory. A campaign in Egypt and victory in another war will put Napoleon in a position to become Emperor. But across the English Channel, Great Britain continues a naval blockade and a diplomatic campaign to unite Europe against the new French Empire. To hold onto power, Napoleon will battle a series of coalitions, each time hoping it will be the last. Win or lose, one thing is certain: Europe – and the world – will never be the same. NOTE: Because this is a very long episode, I have included timestamps for each chapter at the end of this description. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSX7OwjHODNJxt3aNlynA1e2SPLsHaavqDrhe4RmhOWBJwB23UlY84yO6nIXdutScKLplri9xQVUIwi/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan CHAPTER TIMESTAMPS: Introduction – 0:00:00 Chapter 1: The French Directory – 0:5:09 Chapter 2: The Invasion of Egypt – 0:33:03 Chapter 3: The Second Directory – 0:55:04 Chapter 4: Napoleon Takes Command – 1:10:32 Chapter 5: The War of the Second Coalition – 1:41:18 Chapter 6: The French Consulate – 2:20:01 Chapter 7: A Changing Continent – 2:47:07 Chapter 8: Emperor Napoleon – 3:08:54 Chapter 9: The War of the Third Coalition – 3:32:04 Chapter 10: Austerlitz – 3:52:41 Chapter 11: The End of an Empire – 4:13:22 Chapter 12: The War of the Fourth Coalition – 4:30:35 Chapter 13: The Continental System and the Peninsular War – 4:48:09 Chapter 14: Re-Painting the Map of Europe – 5:02:30 Chapter 15: The War of the Fifth Coalition – 5:21:38 Chapter 16: Life in Napoleonic France – 5:42:49 Chapter 17: Spies and Diplomats – 5:54:01 Chapter 18: The Grande Armée – 6:10:27 Chapter 19: The Arson of Moscow – 6:31:46 Chapter 20: The War of 1812 – 6:41:45 Chapter 21: The War of the Sixth Coalition – 6:49:15 Chapter 22: The Fall of an Emperor – 7:28:24 Chapter 23: Elba – 7:44:39 Chapter 24: The Bourbon Restoration – 7:56:20 Chapter 25: The March to Paris – 8:13:11 Chapter 26: The Hundred Days – 8:28:31 Chapter 27: Waterloo – 8:43:24 Chapter 28: The Death of a Legend – 9:02:22 Chapter 29: The World After Napoleon – 9:14:19 Epilogue: What Did the French Revolution Achieve? – 9:42:38

• Chapters

Episode 61 - The Revolution Eats its Children

The Reign of Terror reaches a climax when the French Revolutionaries begin to turn on one another. Jacques Hébert and Georges Danton are executed, and Robespierre rules briefly as a dictator, verging on a god-king. After the Festival of the Supreme Being, he too will face the guillotine. A new government takes power, ruled by men like the corrupt Paul Barras, who have survived the Reign of Terror. Meanwhile, a new generation of military commanders also takes the stage, led by an artillery commander named Napoleon Bonaparte. Will the republic survive, or will the French Revolution lead to another dictatorship? SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRKfoIREpNFsjjY4mL3WX4yv8ILnwflsNzI9vVQwLk_mGDjyIFLpRpYXj7BwmwtNqAN175UbxTA_EvV/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Episode 60 - The Counter-Revolution and the Reign of Terror

When the young French Republic declares war on the Netherlands, all hell breaks loose. Within a month, the French find themselves facing a coalition that includes Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, and most of Italy. At home, a counter-revolution in the rural Vendee region threatens to tear the country in two, and smaller federalist revolts break out in several major cities. In Paris, Robespierre and the Mountain seize control of the government from the Girondins, and send a flurry of people to the guillotine. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRusOl_rHgnMfqWl2_2gfj95U_IWl5Jfqh8xm9edKVP5iOZ76DH9nk6QnqVSXwFKe9Xpk_3SDjhVsG6/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Episode 59 - The Fall of the House of Bourbon

After the Flight to Varennes, the Parisian public turns decisively against Louis XVI. The French constitutional monarchy teeters on the brink, reliant on a war with Austria to maintain public confidence. When the war turns against France, the French people turn against their government and overthrow the King for good. A new legislature is formed, and the revolutionaries struggle to achieve their goals on the battlefield and in politics. Meanwhile, the French Revolution cannot move forward with a deposed King who sits in limbo. As 1792 comes to a close, Louis XVI is put on trial for his life. ***CONTENT WARNING*** Since we’re coming up on the Reign of Terror and a lot of people are about to get guillotined, the last portion of this episode is an addendum on the history of capital punishment. This addendum covers both the pre-modern and modern world, and I talk about both state and non-state actors. There are graphic descriptions of torture and execution, so proceed with caution. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSyb6ZCzMdX7smyU089I2hTLvboZamoo7WXWBYlTRXAld0Tszm80D5g1_e2MYW8x0HwNAR_yNxRd71K/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Episode 58 - The Revolution and the Rights of Man

After the Storming of the Bastille, the French Revolution shifts into high gear. The Constituent Assembly quickly abolishes feudal reforms and promotes the foundation of a new government with a document: the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. 1790 is a quieter year, but under the surface, divisions harden as the Paris political clubs metamorphosize into modern political parties. Meanwhile, the Assembly faces unexpected backlash when it passes the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a law that converts all Catholic clergy into civil servants employed by the state. All of this culminates in the famous Flight to Varennes, an ill-fated attempt by the royal family to escape France altogether. The consequences for France – and for humanity – are yet to be seen. Dan’s interview with Ro Martin on the Stoned Genius podcast: https://spotify.link/wZdJiSEY4Db SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRO_5dI2Ubxpe-wJOFRnZbWesgwAVzm_uIbxLho0pZOaHtm24okuTMexhjNIBmc5DUxBTZxka3qbMOY/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Episode 57 - Bastille Day

The French Revolution is a watershed moment not just in the history of France, but for all of humanity. Old ideas of class, hierarchy, and the divine right of kings are being challenged. For the first time since the classical era, an urban proletariat is starting to demand its own voice in politics. But the Revolution doesn’t start that way. What begins as a financial crisis for the French government requires a legislative body to sign off on new taxes. This body, the Estates General, calls for additional reforms, which provokes a reactionary response from the conservative faction of the government, led by Louis XVI’s Austrian wife, Marie Antoinette. The public backlash goes beyond the Estates General, culminating in a series of street riots that end in one of history’s most iconic moments: the Storming of the Bastille. Dan’s interview with Ben Kitchings of The History Voyager podcast: https://open.spotify.com/episode/07xhGEgKsxnCdziyitLWBQ What is the Third Estate? (Complete text): https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/Sieyes3dEstate.pdf SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTx_oaOfhi7aZmALI_W1Sy-d_sPnveEGE6zmtHEbLuDWRYb3pS5LCX7x7sKUHQFlNp9IuFaUSW94HFP/pub

Bonus Episode - The Great Man and the Briefcase

What do the Kennedy assassination, the Martin Luther King assassination, and the Iraq War all have in common? Maybe nothing. Or maybe they were all orchestrated by a shadow government that has quietly taken over the United States. In this bonus episode, Dan delves into the realm of conspiracy theory and asks whether everything we thought we knew about US history since 1960 was wrong. CONTENT WARNING: This episode gets political, and Dan also talks about conspiracy theories. If you prefer a straight history podcast, best to skip this one. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRYkYM7zJi5IUkCOVui3KkAghBEBA21oJml6prwvBfA3TA05yJy0oQiWZJLw-ZJgXPWYLrxR1Q1LWy3/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan HELPFUL LINKS: 1947 National Security Act: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947#Provisions 1960 U2 Incident: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident JFK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ltg2RgHlsQ MLK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TA2AIuAuW8 RFK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVScM_9Tn-s Article on RFK assassination audio forensics: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2018/06/06/the-bobby-kennedy-assassination-tape-were-13-shots-fired-or-only-8/ NATO expansion timeline: https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-world-war-ii-sweden-finland-240d97572cc783b2c7ff6e7122dd72d2 Some background on NATO-Russia relations, including as regards Ukraine: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/why-nato-has-become-flash-point-russia-ukraine Iraq War documents leak: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak Collateral Murder video: https://collateralmurder.wikileaks.org/ DISHFIRE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishfire PRISM: https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/17/4517480/nsa-spying-prism-surveillance-cheat-sheet US worker productivity vs. inflation-adjusted pay: https://www.epi.org/productivity-pay-gap/ Former US intelligence agents at social media companies: https://www.mintpressnews.com/meet-ex-cia-agents-deciding-facebook-content-policy/281307/ Robert F Kennedy audio footage courtesy of: https://www.jfklibrary.org/ Audio of Ron Wyden and James Clapper courtesy of C-SPAN (audio-only license)

Episode 56 – A More Perfect Union

The British surrender at Yorktown isn’t the end of the American War for Independence, but it’s the end of the war in North America, and within another year the war overseas is also finished. With peace comes an end to the bloodshed, a chance to rebuild, and a turning point in many people’s lives. But the end of the war is not the end of the American Revolution. Now that independence has been won, a new nation struggles to find its identity. In this episode, we’ll talk about the Constitutional Convention, George Washington’s presidency, and more. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRe4Yrdjcca4QDfc-Yx6AC2wZlnddMbmmbVEYUsKJe-pabERL3laolInY7oJvHR7ak-fMgdmLcb0pdm/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: An American Crisis: George Washington and the Dangerous Two Years After Yorktown, 1781–1783 by William M. Fowler: https://amzn.to/3IUV8IF Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift by Thomas E. Chavez: https://amzn.to/40V0XN1 The American Revolution: A Global War by Richard Ernest Dupuy: https://amzn.to/3K8K8at Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution by Dan L. Morrill: https://amzn.to/3KOJtwJ 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present, by Paul K Davis: https://amzn.to/3BBx1Ld George Washington – A Military Life by Edward G Lengel: https://amzn.to/3Jc5kMs General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward G. Lengel: https://amzn.to/3lowoQB Valiant ambition : George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution by Nathaniel Philbrick: https://amzn.to/3yLXmoe The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon by John Ferling: https://amzn.to/3JOdJXJ Washington: The Indispensable Man by James Thomas Flexner: https://amzn.to/3Lv5bqb