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CrashCourse

At Crash Course, we believe that high-quality educational videos should be available to everyone for free! Subscribe for weekly videos from our current courses! The Crash Course team has produced more than 60 courses on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from the humanities to sciences and so much more! We also recently teamed up with Arizona State University to bring you more courses on the Study Hall channel.

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  • 942 episodes
  • Avg 16 min
  • English
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  • Yesterday · 17 min

    Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39

    In which John Green teaches you about the early days of the Civil Rights movement. By way of providing context for this, John also talks a bit about wider America in the 1950s. The 1950s are a deeply nostalgic period for many Americans, but there is more than a little idealizing going on here. The 1950s were a time of economic expansion, new technologies, and a growing middle class. America was becoming a suburban nation thanks to cookie-cutter housing developments like the Levittowns. While the white working-class saw their wages and status improve, the proverbial rising tide wasn't lifting all proverbial ships. A lot of people were excluded from the prosperity of the 1950s. Segregation in housing and education made for some serious inequality for African Americans. As a result, the Civil Rights movement was born. John will talk about the early careers of Martin Luther King, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, and even Earl Warren. He'll teach you about Brown v Board of Education, the lesser-known Mendez vs Westminster, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and all kinds of other stuff. Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Civil Rights Movement gained national attention with the murder of Emmett Till in 1955: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/emmett-till That same year, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, beginning the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/rosa-parks-and-the-montgomery-bus-boycott A young preacher named Martin Luther King Jr. gained national fame rallying support for the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/martin-luther-king-jr The end of segregation also began in the South with the Showdown in Little Rock in 1957: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/showdown-in-little-rock Want to learn more about the Civil Rights movement? Check out these videos from Crash Course Black American History: School Segregation and Brown v Board (#33): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBlqcAEv4nk Emmett Till (#34): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HljsKwpv3g The Montgomery Bus Boycott (#35): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylOpide9dus Martin Luther King, Jr (#36): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmeUT7zH62E ---Crash Course Black American History will be uploading new videos through 2022!--- Chapters: Introduction: The 1950s 00:00 The American Suburbs 2:01 The "Era of Consensus" 3:05 Segregation 4:10 Desegregating Schools 5:18 Mystery Document 6:50 The Aftermath of Brown vs. Board of Education 7:50 Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycotts 8:29 Martin Luther King, Jr. 9:32 The Little Rock Nine 9:54 The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement 10:30 Credits 11:25 Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 19 min

    Intro to Ecology: Why Did All These Elephants Die?: Crash Course Biology #5

    Ecology is the study of the interactions of living things with each other and their environment. It’s a field that not only lets us explore the interconnections between living things, but also how our environment affects us, and how we influence it in turn. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll get an overview of the field of ecology, see how matter and energy are conserved and transferred through ecosystems, and follow an ecological mystery surrounding the deaths of hundreds of elephants in Botswana, Africa. Chapters: An Ecological Mystery 00:00 Biotic & Abiotic Factors 1:13 Ecosystems 3:15 Fields of Ecology 5:54 Trophic Levels 7:04 Energy Flow through Ecosystems 9:25 Review & Credits 11:48 This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information. Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 18 min

    The Secret Social Lives of Plants (Population and Community Ecology): Crash Course Botany #12

    The social dynamics of plants are as complex as those at any high school. By studying how plants interact — one-on-one, as a population, and in their communities — ecologists can figure out how to conserve our photosynthetic friends. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll explore these complex relationships—and eavesdrop on all the hot plant gossip. Chapters: Plants' Social Lives 00:00 Symbiotic Relationships 1:10 Population Ecology 4:27 Community Ecology & The Everglades 7:13 Facilitation & Competition 9:22 Community Conservation 11:41 Review & Credits 12:17 Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pinapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 16 min

    What is Weathering? Crash Course Geography #22

    Weathering breaks down rocks and creates sediments which become the raw materials for other rocks and the formation of our soils. And we call the process of moving that sediment erosion. In today's episode, we're just going to focus on the weathering part. We'll discuss mechanical, chemical, and biological weathering and take you on a tour of some of the landscapes they help shape from landslides and sinkholes to caves! Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Michael Wang, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, JJurong, Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids #CrashCourse #Geography #Weathering Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 17 min

    A Long and Difficult Journey, or The Odyssey: Crash Course Literature 201

    In which John Green teaches you about Homer's Odyssey. If it was Homer's If Homer was even real. Anyway, that stuff doesn't really matter. John teaches you the classic, by which I mean classical, epic poem, the Odyssey. The Journey of Odysseus as he made his way home after the conclusion of the Trojan War is the stuff of legend. Literally. John will teach you about the double standard in Greek culture, Odysseus as jerk/hero, ancient PTSD, and cycles of violence. Also, there are no yogurt jokes. So think of that as a gift. Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly​ or at your local bookseller. Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 18 min

    Why Don't These Plants Need Seeds? (Moss and Ferns): Crash Course Botany #8

    Forget your favorite flowers, because we’re talking all about the mean green sporing machines. In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we'll dive into the first few branches of plants’ phylogenetic tree—bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, like mosses and ferns. These plants are the unsung heroes of the botanical world, and we’re giving them their due. Chapters: The Plant World's Unsung Heroes 00:00 Plant Phylogeny 1:09 Bryophytes 3:08 The Bryophyte Life Cycle 7:15 Seedless Vascular Plants 9:39 Review & Credits 12:20 Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks. __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 6 min

    Crash Course Linguistics Preview

    Welcome to Crash Course Linguistics! Linguistics is everywhere and is super useful for pretty much everyone. Over 16 episodes, Taylor Behnke will teach you all about language, from its structure, to the relationship between language and our identity, the brain, and computers, to writing, language acquisition, and the diversity of human languages! Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/ *** Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Catherine Conroy, Patty Laqua, Leonora Rossé Muñoz, Stephen Saar, John Lee, Phil Simmons, Alexander Thomson, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Ron Lin, Jonathan Zbikowski. Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Prestemon, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Tom Trval, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Justin Zingsheim, Andrei Krishkevich, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks, Sam Buck -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Yesterday · 17 min

    Frontiers in Zoology: Crash Course Zoology #14

    In this final episode of Crash Course Zoology, we review everything we've learned and even look at advances in the field that took place just in the 14 weeks of this course! Rae also shares various ways YOU can get involved in the zoology field! Special thanks to Angela Chuang, Jason Dinh, Annika May Carlson, Meghan Yap-Chiongco, Trinity Walls, Sydney Hollasch, Helene Forney, Rebekah Pettit, Alonso Delgado, and Emily Thompson for the use of their images. And a thank you to everyone who submitted their images and footage as well. We wish we could have used them all! 🦔🐒🐝🐛🐘🐍🐀🐠 🐢🐋🐅🦓🦇🦜🐜🪱🦑 🦀🐊 Learn more about Rae here! https://www.raewynngrant.com​​ Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Michael M. Varughese, Ben Follows, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Chris Routh, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Emilee Murphy, Michael Wang, Jordan willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 5 min

    Crash Course Psychology Preview

    Welcome to Crash Course Psychology! Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych! Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 14 min

    Eclipses: Crash Course Astronomy #5

    The big question in the comments last week was, "BUT WHAT ABOUT ECLIPSES?" Today, Phil breaks 'em down for you. This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster -- As promised, Phil's sun spotting recommendations: Astronomers Without Borders (charitable org): http://store.astronomerswithoutborders.org/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=8&products_id=3 Rainbow Symphony glasses: http://www.rainbowsymphony.com/soleclipse.html Wide variety of viewers from Rainbow Symphony: http://www.eclipseglasses2017.com/buy-eclipse-glasses -- Chapters: Introduction 00:00 How Do Solar Eclipses Work? 0:52 Umbra & Penumbra 2:04 The Sun's Corona 3:17 Solar Eclipse Totality 4:14 Annular Eclipse 5:09 Can You Look at a Solar Eclipse? 5:32 Lunar Eclipses 6:54 Size of the Earth and Moon 8:24 Review 9:27 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4158 http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/solar-eclipse-diagram/#.VMFSKGTF_Z0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse#mediaviewer/File:Geometry_of_a_Total_Solar_Eclipse.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_September_22,_2006#mediaviewer/File:Helder_da_Rocha_-_Partial_solar_eclipse_(by-sa).jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_eclipse_2008Feb07-New_Zealand-partial-Greg_Hewgill.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse#mediaviewer/File:The_Patrial_Eclipse.jpg http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-qjqMzzK http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11128 http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-mMSf6gB http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-LffKLrf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YX2blo1eRk http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse#mediaviewer/File:Annular_Eclipse._Taken_from_Middlegate,_Nevada_on_May_20,_2012.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geometry_of_a_Lunar_Eclipse.svg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10787 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_April_15_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr1.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10787 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse#mediaviewer/File:Lunar_eclipse_oct_8_2014_Minneapolis_4_46am.png http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4155 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 17 min

    Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4

    In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, we get to meet the brain. Hank talks us through the Central Nervous System, the ancestral structures of the brain, the limbic system, and new structures of the brain. Plus, what does Phineas Gage have to do with all of this? Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych! -- Chapters: Introduction: Phrenology 00:00 Localized Parts of the Brain Control Different Functions 1:01 Basics of the Central Nervous System 2:15 The Curious Case of Phineas Gage 2:50 Brain Structures 5:15 Ancestral Structures of the Brain 5:37 "Old Brain" - Brain Stem, Medulla, Pons, Thalamus, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum 6:17 Limbic System - Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Pituitary Gland 7:31 Gray Matter & Brain Hemispheres 8:32 Cerebral Cortex 9:31 Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal Lobes 10:06 Specialized Regions: Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex, & Association Areas 10:32 Review & Credits 11:39 -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 19 min

    Why Do Flowers Exist? (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms): Crash Course Botany #9

    You couldn’t go a day without interacting with gymnosperms and angiosperms, the two most prominent groups of plants on the planet. We rely on them for food, clothing, and shelter — but why are they so common? In this episode of Crash Course Botany, we’ll find out how their seeds and flowers propelled them to evolutionary success. Chapters: How Plants Move 00:00 How Seeds Evolved 1:23 Types of Gymnosperms 5:17 Angiosperms 6:25 Dr. Else Marie Friis 8:00 Flower Structure 10:00 Why Angiosperms Thrived 10:39 Review & Credits 12:59 Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PB6WdUJcABAccO-U-t6ic7WbfP2z0Pr5P9a8HMr6zh4/edit?usp=sharing *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks. __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 17 min

    Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Hydrolysis Reactions: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #31

    Esters have a wide range of uses, from giving perfumes and colognes their fragrances, to preventing diseases like scurvy. Vitamin C, that scurvy preventing antioxidant, is derived from carboxylic acids, a class of organic compounds we’ve already learned a lot about! In this episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry, we’ll look at four different carboxylic acid derivatives and their reactivities, react them with nucleophiles, and learn some hydrolysis reaction mechanisms that we can use in our synthesis of penicillin! Music: Vegas Glitz by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4580-vegas-glitz License: https://filmmusic.io/standard-license Episode Sources: Kennedy, J: Common names of carboxylic acids https://jameskennedymonash.wordpress.com/2014/11/26/common-names-of-carboxylic-acids/ Series Penicillin References Nicolaou, K. C., & Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in total synthesis: targets, strategies, methods. John Wiley & Sons. Sheehan, J. C. (1982). The enchanted ring: the untold story of penicillin. Primary literature for Sheehan’s penicillin synthesis: Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1985; Sheehan, J.C. & Izzo, P.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 4059; Sheehan, J.C. & Bose A.K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 5158; Sheehan, J.C., Buhle, E.L, Corey E.J., Laubach, G.D. & Ryan J.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3828; Sheehan, J.C. & Laubach, G.D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4376; Sheehan, J.C. & Hoff, D.R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 237; Sheehan, J.C. & Corey E.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 4756 Series Sources: Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018. Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012. Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014. Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012. Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009. McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016. Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020. Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013. *** Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Michael M. Varughese, Ben Follows, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Chris Routh, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Emilee Murphy, Michael Wang, Jordan willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrash Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 17 min

    Uranus and Neptune: Crash Course Astronomy #19

    Today we’re rounding out our planetary tour with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Both have small rocky cores, thick mantles of ammonia, water, and methane, and atmospheres that make them look greenish and blue. Uranus has a truly weird rotation and relatively dull weather, while Neptune has clouds and storms whipped by tremendous winds. Both have rings and moons, with Neptune’s Triton probably being a captured iceball that has active geology. This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster -- Chapters: Introduction: Uranus 00:00 Uranus's Structure 1:35 Uranus's Atmosphere 2:53 Uranus's Weird Tilt 3:55 Uranus's Moons 5:12 Uranus's Rings 6:00 Neptune's Structure 6:35 Neptune's Atmosphere 7:02 Neptune's Magnetic Field & Rings 8:10 Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon 8:36 The Discovery of Neptune 9:52 Review 11:27 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2#/media/File:Uranus2.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Voyager mission] Neptune https://www.nasa.gov/content/25-years-ago-voyager-2-captures-images-of-neptune/ [credit: NASA] King George III http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom#/media/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Uranus from Earth picture by Phil Plait Uranus, Earth size comparison http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg [credit: NASA] Uranus core, reconstructed from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus-intern-en.png [credit: Wikimedia Commons] Uranus http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/screen/opo0647b.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA, L. Sromovsky and P. Fry (University of Wisconsin), H. Hammel (Space Science Institute), and K. Rages (SETI Institute)] Uranus storms http://www.keckobservatory.org/images/made/images/blog/Uranus_Aug20142_800_407.jpg [credit: Imke de Pater (UC–Berkeley)/Keck Observatory] Uranus and rings (tilt demonstration) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus#/media/File:Uranusandrings.jpg [credit: Hubble Space Telescope - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center] Uranus with rings and moons http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0237a/ [credit: ESO] Miranda http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#/media/File:Miranda.jpg [credit: NASA] Verona Rupes http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110404.html [credit: NASA] Neptune’s Interior https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=283 [credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute] Neptune clouds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg [credit: NASA] Neptune’s Great Dark Spot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune#/media/File:Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab] Neptune’s Rings http://www.rolfolsenastrophotography.com/Astrophotography/Solar-System/i-vjMHSxz/A [credit: Rolf Wahl Olsen / NASA/JPL (Voyager 2, NASA Planetary Data System)] Triton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)#/media/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab / U.S. Geological Survey] Triton flipped http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA01538_Triton_flipped_v.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL] Triton Nitrogen Geysers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)#/media/File:Voyager_2_Triton_14bg_r90ccw_colorized.jpg[credit: NASA] Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 7 min

    Crash Course US History Outtakes #5

    In which John Green mispronounces words, asks if jokes are appropriate, and struggles to use the teleprompter. Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 12 min

    Gerrymandering: Crash Course Government and Politics #37

    Today Craig is going to talk about a topic that makes voters and politicians alike ANGRY! We're going to talk about Gerrymandering - that is the process in which voting districts are redrawn in a way to favor one party during elections. As you'll see, this is why election outcomes on Census years (which tend to be when districts are redrawn) are a really big deal. So we'll talk about how some of these cockamamie voting districts come to be and explain how Gerrymandering can affect the outcomes (and misrepresent voters) during elections. But even with all these rage-inducing and bizarre district maps, it's important to remember that it isn't ALL political scheming, but also a reflection of the tendency for Democrats to live in urban areas. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org All attributed images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC... Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 17 min

    The Effects of Climate Change: Crash Course Biology #9

    Climate change shakes up all of Earth’s systems, including the living ones. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll see how climate change’s effects rattle the entire chain of life. Changes felt in one population ripple out to affect entire communities and ecosystems—whether they’re composed of pine trees, puffins, or people. Chapters: A Changing Climate 00:00 Ecosystem Effects 2:21 Ecosystem Responses 4:38 Increased Carbon Dioxide 7:04 Effects on Society 8:46 Review & Credits 10:53 Special thanks to Linus Obenhaus for additional video editing support on this episode! This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information. Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 17 min

    Telescopes: Crash Course Astronomy #6

    Today Phil explains how telescopes work and offers up some astronomical shopping advice. Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster -- Chapters: Introduction 00:00 How do Telescopes Work? 0:47 Refraction 2:50 Magnification 3:48 Resolution 4:28 Reflectors 5:19 What Kind of Telescope Should You Buy? 6:19 Technology and the Light Spectrum 7:45 Review 11:14 -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#mediaviewer/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye#mediaviewer/File:Human_eye_with_blood_vessels.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope#mediaviewer/File:Refractor_Cincinnati_observatory.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Positive_lens_2.svg http://www.eso.org/public/images/yb_vlt_moon_cnn_cc/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#mediaviewer/File:Jupiter_MAD.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera#mediaviewer/File:Hubble_Images_of_M100_Before_and_After_Mirror_Repair_-_GPN-2002-000064.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_focus_telescope.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inspection_of_the_primary_mirror_of_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope8218871.jpg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ui6ernRFxOg#t=2m22s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel#mediaviewer/File:William_Herschel01.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park,_23_Annual_Star_Party_2013_-_0082_-_Flickr_-_Grand_Canyon_NPS.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_talk:EM_spectrum.svg#mediaviewer/File:EM_spectrumrevised.png https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqX9vLj3_7w#t=4m52s http://pprc.qmul.ac.uk/~still/wordpress/?page_id=138 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VERITAS#mediaviewer/File:MMT_FLWO_Amado_AZ_10359.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography#mediaviewer/File:Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography#mediaviewer/File:Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA18593-Mars-CometSidingSpring-NEOWISE-20140728.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chromatic_aberration_3.svg/2000px-Chromatic_aberration_3.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/The_Whirlpool_Galaxy_%28M51%29.jpg http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/12/image/a/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 19 min

    A Tour of the Cell: Crash Course Biology #23

    The cell is the basic unit of life, and our understanding of it has advanced as science, and the tools available to scientists, has advanced. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll take a look at the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, take a guided tour of the eukaryotic cell, and learn why most cells are small. We’ll explore the eukaryotic cell’s surprising beginnings through an endosymbiosis that occurred about 1.5 billion years ago. Chapters: Introduction to the Cell 00:00 Classical Cell Theory 2:12 Parts of a Cell 5:37 Endosymbiosis 9:11 Modern Cell Theory 10:41 Review & Credits 12:23 This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information. Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPW_ofbxdHNciuLoTRLPMgB Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkcbA0DkuFjWQZzjwF6w_gUrE_5_d3vd3 Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Tuesday · 19 min

    Community Ecology: Interspecies Interactions: Crash Course Biology #6

    Community ecology is the study of interactions between different species of living things, and lets ecologists examine the effects of predator-prey relationships, parasites, and mutually beneficial interactions. In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll examine the myriad interspecies interactions with examples, see how keystone species impact their environment and explore how communities rebuild when they are disrupted, through the lens of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Chapters: Community Ecology 0:00 Community Disturbances 2:29 Interspecies Interactions 3:55 Competition 7:35 Community Regulation 10:30 Review & Credits 13:06 This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information. Are you an educator looking for what NGSS Standards are covered in this episode? Check out our Educator Standards Database for Biology here: https://www.thecrashcourse.com/biologystandards Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Chk2qN3TYbNt0pJbyaHqTqRd6QY8pd4/edit?usp=sharing *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, Katie, Tori Thomas, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, William McGraw, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks __ Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/ CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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